To the people reading this, hello, a little bit about myself since none of you have actually met me yet J My name is Eddy, I grew up and currently live in New Zealand, (born in South Korea though). I will be volunteering with Voluntario Global from mid November, so if you are coming in November well then I guess I will see you soon! I am a university student. I love food, I love music, and I love to travel. Jesica and Mayra suggested that I write a blog post before I come to Buenos Aires about what my expectations are and what I am doing to prepare etc so here it goes. It’s funny I feel like I have already been to Buenos Aires in some ways from reading so many articles and other information related to Buenos Aires. I have also regularly checked the VG website and facebook page. What can I say I am looking forward to volunteering. I guess every volunteer before they leave thinks about; would I like it? Would I pick up the language quickly? Will I have fun? Will I actually make a difference? Hopefully I will say ‘yes’ to all those questions when I get to Buenos Aires. I expect Buenos Aires to be a place of extremes. At one end you have the fancy neighbourhoods with a plethora of restaurants, cafes and boliches and at the other end you have the remnants of the economic crisis and the devaluation of the Argentine peso. I expect Buenos Aires to be full of culture. You all know the stereotypical ‘Argentine culture’ that travel agencies like to portray; tango, football, La Boca, the obelisk. But hopefully I will be able to discover and experience something more than that – the people, local customs, the language (I will have to get used to the Argentine castellano). I guess I don’t just want to be a ‘half-assed’ volunteer and go to Argentina for one week or something just to put on their CVs that they have ‘volunteered’. I want to get to know the kids, the VG family, other volunteers, share stories, tell them about my life, about New Zealand. Make everyone at Hogar Querubines smile, happy, so when they look back they think that the summer of 2011 was the best summer ever. I feel fortunate that I am getting the opportunity to stay in Buenos Aires and volunteer there. True, it would be even better if I could stay longer than 3 months but I will try my best to make the most out of my stay. To prepare for the trip I am brushing up on my Spanish in my spare time. I have studied Spanish at university for one semester and traveled to Mexico last year. My goal is to reach at least an intermediate level by the end of my volunteer program. I wonder if that is achievable? It sucks I don’t really get to practice Spanish much right now since I have to study for my university exams coming up in October. To be honest going to Argentina hasn’t hit me quite yet because I’m so busy doing my university work. Anyway, to the Voluntario Global family and future/present volunteers who are reading this, see you soon I truly look forward to meeting you all. Email me (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.) if you are volunteering around the same time I would love to hear from you about how you are preparing for the experience.

By Lisa Andersen and Robert Wake-Walker


What is to gain, who are the recipients, and how is it done?

Tuesday the 27th September 2011 was World Tourism Day, so therefore we have spent the week reflecting upon the subject, and want to share our thoughts with you. We talked to different people at different levels within the field of responsible tourism, in order to gain a wider, more thorough perspective on the matter and on the issues.

What is responsible tourism, and what is to be gained and learned from it?

Is this idea of learning the same both at the top and at the bottom? In order to find answers to all of our questions, we talked to the executive secretary of the Responsible Tourism Network in Argentina, to the founder of one of the organisations, to a founder of one of the projects, and last, but certainly not least, one of the many volunteers in Buenos Aires. 

Tourism and production

Juan José is the man behind the Argentine Responsible Tourism Network or in Spanish, Red de Turismo Responsable. He is also behind one of the organizations in the network: Generación Par. Generación Par is focused on promoting responsible consumption. For example, by hosting workshops on recycling. Juan’s work with the organization is deeply entwined with his work with the network, and the visions of the two seem to be similar. Talking to Juan it seems more and more obvious that responsible tourism and responsible consumption are one subject, not two. As he talks, he weaves back and forth between the two, not seeming to distinguish between them.

“We need to choose what and how we consume” 

The idea of a network of organizations promoting responsible consumption came to Juan when he realized that there was a general problem regarding the labelling of responsible products and services. The problem is, according to Juan, related to an idea of an ever-present government, also governing production, employment and environment. However, as Juan sees it, these issues are not being governed. Instead the consumers must act responsibly themselves, paying attention, not only to their own and others’ working conditions, but to the environment as well. Therefore Generación Par wants to open the eyes of the consumer: “we are alone and we have to choose what and how we consume”, Juan says, and further explains that the most responsible company is one who provides its consumers with information about production, employment, environment and so on.

He later started working on the idea of a network where organizations and companies who are interested in the idea of responsibility. However, joining Red de Turismo Responsable does not mean that the company must be working one hundred per cent responsible in all aspects, because that simply is not possible, says Juan. What is possible is to commit to a process of changing for the better. Each year every member sets goals for the next year. And the organization is planning to launch a new set of icons, which will provide the consumer with readily available information about the production of the product, including accessibility, waste-handling etc.

“It’s not just a brand”

With this, Argentina seems to be taking the lead within innovative ways of implementing responsible tourism and consumption, and to Juan, the reason is obvious: “it is different when you think of responsible tourism as a brand and when you think of it as responsible production.” In this perspective, responsible tourism is something that comes with responsible production, and as Red de Turismo Responsable believes: everyone is ready to benefit from good employment.

“This is where I can make a difference”

In order to gain another insight into the matter of responsible tourism, I went to Pablo Nogués, about an hour train ride outside of Buenos Aires. Here I was going to visit Silvia, who runs a small after-hours English school. She bases her work on the idea of quality education for everyone. That means that the school has very few resources at its disposal, as Silvia makes a point of charging the lowest possible tuition fee. It is not easy to run a school at such low cost, but Silvia seems to have what it takes: lots of energy, insight and compassion. And this seems to be where her motivation stems from. She grew up with the privilege of quality education, and when she realized that not everyone has this privileged background, she knew she had to change that. Even if the change looks small on a national scale, in the lives of the families, the opportunity is life changing.

Silvia employs volunteers from all over the world (recruited through Voluntario Global). This adds to the children’s understanding of geography – it becomes relevant and thus interesting to them to know something about a specific place, when the person in front of them is from there. It helps them realize the differences in the world, and sometimes the meaning of these differences. To Silvia, the most significant help for the school is the volunteers. Without them, the budget would not be sustainable, and the children would miss out on a lot of interesting lessons.

Further, Silvia recognizes and highly appreciates the lessons the volunteers learn, what they gain and what they take home with them: new insights, thoughts and ideas. This aspect of cultural exchange is as important as the main-objective. This is what keeps many projects within responsible tourism going: the prospect of giving and receiving on equal terms. At least that is Silvia’s take on it. In order to investigate this objective further, Rob had a talk with one of Voluntario Global’s founders, Valeria. 

Do you consider Argentina an interesting place to do volunteer work? And why?

Yes, it’s an interesting destination to be a volunteer, but then all places are around the world. Voluntary work is a fantastic way in which we can get to know the community and culture of a country. Each and every country has its own, personal culture, which makes each volunteering experience unique. For example, a volunteer worker in Bolivia would be exposed to the history of the indigenous culture. In Buenos Aires a volunteer gets to grips with highly topical subjects and current affairs such as poverty in modern society and education and health issues. 

Please can you explain a bit about your role in the organisation?

About six to seven years ago I had the idea of creating a new voluntary organisation, and that is how we founded Voluntario Global. The plan was to help improve the culture of many lives in Buenos Aires, and that is where I think volunteers really help to make a difference. As well as immersing himself or herself in a culture,a volunteer must strive to create a better society to live in for a community. Today my role is different. Everyone who works in VG can take the decisions and be responsible. I feel that everyone in the organisation makes a difference.

Is the voluntary sector continuing to grow in Argentina?

Yes, it is continuing to grow but more in Buenos Aires than the rest of Argentina. The rest of the country’s problem is that everyone arriving in Argentina has to come through BA. There are no other means of arriving in the country (internationally) without coming to the capital and as a result there is a greater concentration of volunteers in the capital.

How can being a volunteer be considered an alternative of responsible tourism?

It is first important to distinguish between two different types of volunteer. For example, a volunteer medic who travels to Afghanistan would not be considered a ‘tourist’, but a professional worker. However, the young people who help here in Buenos Aires do volunteer work as a means of responsible tourism. If you consider a ‘tourist’ somebody who wants to explore different cultures of a country, this is what the majority of volunteers in BA hope to achieve. Therefore there is a strong link between tourism and volunteer work if you take Buenos Aires as an example.

What are the principle motivations for the volunteers to choose to involve themselves in this experience?

One of the primary reasons is to learn another language, but to learn it by speaking it in the target country as opposed to in a school. There is a big difference in learning a language and studying a language; this is the difference between speaking it in the country and being taught in a school or university. But a languageisn’t just learnt by speaking it, but by immersing yourself into the culture and learning about the way of life.

Valeria seems to believe in the learning process of volunteering, just as Silvia did. She also places great importance on the local communities. 

 

We went in a big group, everyone from the VG house, and a couple of people also working for Voluntario Global, but who are living elsewhere. Everyone is looking forward to the exhibition. It is getting dark as we arrive. We enter the hall, greet whoever is sitting there, and hurry upstairs where the action is taking place. We are at the photo exhibition, where the artists are children and the inspiration their own home – La Boca neighbourhood.

 

As we enter the room, there is a feeling of anticipation. Children are running everywhere, not considering the seriousness of being an artist. We are introduced to the exhibition by little pieces of text explaining the ideas behind the work in the words of the children, and showing a slightly more thoughtful side to them than the noisy and playful ones we are experiencing, as they run around the room. The texts explain in simple words how the children came to find the subject of their photos, the specific perspectives and angles. They invite you to understand the way they have worked with the cameras, what their thoughts were and how they came to understand the potential of their own neighbourhood. We are also shown little interviews with the children on the subject of La Boca – why is it called La Boca and its history – these thoughts deepen our understanding of who they are and their approach to the work. Even though there are no photos of the children themselves, reading what has been captured of their thoughts, leaves an impression of who they are. Their work has been inspired by a hint of their own discovery of their feelings towards their neighbourhood. Feelings they may not have been aware of in everyday life. This all adds to our anticipation, and we are excited to move on to the main attraction of the evening – the photos.

 

The photos displayed at the exhibition depict many diverse aspects of life in La Boca neighbourhood. The viewer saw a detailed insight into the culture of one of Buenos Aires oldest districts with representations of the infamous dockyard, the Lezama park, animals, mural paintings and, of course, images relating to Boca Juniors football club. The Bombonera stadium and legend Diego Maradona were what most of the children associated with one of Buenos Aires most famous teams. The children in the Los Pibes community centre produced some highly professional and creative photos that brilliantly capture the culture that surrounds one of the most historic districts in the Argentine capital.

Having looked around the whole exhibition we spoke with Ramiro, a young boy with a great passion for football, Boca Juniors and Diego Maradona. This passion was evident through the fact that he had one of the largest displays at the exhibition. A large proportion of his photos featured murals in streets very near the community centre. These old paintings portray images of Maradona, sketches of La Bombonera and the general footballing culture which clearly plays a central role in this neighbourhood. Speaking to him, we learnt just how much football has meant to him and through his photography this was further underlined. When asked who his current favourite player is, he said it is still Maradona! We then spoke with Rosario, a young girl who showed a great interest in many photos at the exhibition. Although she hadn't taken any photos, it was fantastic to see her so involved and she especially took a liking to the display of the cats and dogs in La Boca. There is a great picture of her with her favourite dog!

 

Rounding the evening off, the children gathered to do a small presentation for everyone who showed up. Parents, grandparents, all watching and listening. Each of the children read a few words, talking quickly, some of them looking shy or self-conscious, all of them looking proud. The coordinator then took over, thanking the community centre Los Pibes, for funding the work, providing the children with the possibility of learning, and for developing an interest in creating something, and for giving them an opportunity to try something different than what they usually do. It has influenced their perception of their home and opened their eyes to the diversities of the neighbourhood. But it has also influenced their perception of their own abilities, opening their eyes to what is possible and to the fact that they are able to achieve something. For some of them, this feeling might follow them into the future, enabling them to dream, and maybe, eventually reach for that dream.

 

By Sebastian Aristizabal (VG volunteer) Noting that I had never before seen an Argentine note when exchanging money at Heathrow Airport, I realised I knew very little about the country I was to spend four months living in. That was when I first fully took into account what a different experience Argentina was to be in comparison to any I had encountered before. I did my best to inform myself on Argentina once I had decided it was going to be where I would spend the second half of my year abroad, but even then, that was little over a month. When I arrived in Buenos Aires it was everything I had expected - a lively city with a thriving cultural scene - but what surprises me now, even after four months here, is what I am still experiencing in the city and how much I am still discovering about it. True, this can be said about all global cities like Buenos Aires, but as a Londoner this is not my first experience living in a city of this size, and there is something about this city which makes it very unique. I recently overheard a group of backpackers at a hostel saying that four days was enough time to spend in Buenos Aires. I realised however, to fully appreciate the city and embrace all it has to offer, can only really be achieved through spending a long amount of time here. The city has a great number of tourist attractions – (many of which can be seen during a short visit) - but what I now like most about this city, is the feeling of fulfilment you get from actually living here. Everyday I am overwhelmed by the amount of things there are to do in Buenos Aires. Working for Voluntario Global and Red de Turismo Responsable has also helped enrich my time here. The work I have done for the communications team has taken me to certain places allowing me to see a different side of Buenos Aires. Visiting a day-school in the impoverished villas on the outskirts of the city was a hard-hitting reminder that Buenos Aires isn’t all about fine dining and boliches. My work at the Red de Turismo Responsible taught me a great deal about what it means to be a responsible tourist. I even found myself thinking about it whilst travelling through Argentina, and enforcing responsible travel upon the friends who I was travelling with. It is not just about the environment but also about the people who are affected by the tourism industry,- including the locals. Part of responsible travel is to protect and respect the cultural heritage of the cultures which draws us to go and visit these places. Working for three months with the organization has allowed me to see many volunteers come and go. It’s interesting to see all the people who come here; people from all different walks of life and all volunteering for different purposes yet all having the common aim of wanting to work for a good cause. I feel very fortunate to of met these people. I left England with the hope that this experience would broaden my mind and teach me new things. As my time here draws to an end, I can honestly say that Argentina has defiantly met all my expectations and exceeded them. Buenos Aires now means a lot to me, and for this reason I intend to return some day. I would like to thank Voluntario Global and Red de Turismo Responsible as well as all the people I worked with and met during my stay, for making it such a wonderful experience. I finish with a quote of one of Argentina’s best writers, Jorge Luis Borges. “Siempre estaba (y estaré) en Buenos Aires”

♪ “Listen, do you want to know a secret”? ♪ The first Latin American Beatles museum opened this past January in Paseo La Plaza located on Corrientes Avenue! It is part of a complex dedicated to the Beatles and it is composed of the Star Café, the Cavern Club, the Cavern Pub, Sala John Lennon and the museum. There are many performances regularly at the club, pub and Sala that includes a wide variety of Beatles tribute bands. A private collector named Rodolfo Vazquez holds the World Guinness Record for having the largest collection of Beatles memorabilia opened the museum. Rodolfo began collecting at the age of ten after hearing the Beatles for the first time. Since then, his collection has grown to 8,500 pieces that range from birth certificates, original records, 8-tracks, a wide variety of merchandise like a Liverpool Monopoly game, the Beatles board game, watches, beanie babies, figurines, signed checks and even replicas of the costumes worn by the Fab Four.

The Beatles never played in Argentina but Mr. Vazquez has now made Buenos Aires part of Beatles history as his museum is one of three in the world of its kind. The other two Beatles museums are located in Liverpool, England and Hamburg, Germany.   If you are planning on visiting the museum I suggest stopping at the Star Café after and indulging in a café con leche y tres medialunas as you enjoy the selection of Beatles songs played on the radio. If you really want a treat, you can buy tickets of about 40 pesos to see one of the Beatles tribute bands that play regularly at the Cavern Pub and the Cavern Club. I attended one of the performances of the 4!Beatleband in the Cavern Pub. The pub is a smaller venue that seats about 40-50 in front of the band that lends itself to provide a more intimate setting for the concertgoers. This band primarily sings some of the first Beatles hits and lesser-known solos. The members of 4! share some of the history of each song as well as general Beatles trivia. This is a great show for those that would like to learn about how the band got together. The band stays true to the time period with clothing that is reminiscent of the late 1950s when Paul met John and they played in the band called The Quarrymen. One of the band members, Hernan, even looks like a young Paul McCartney down to the facial expressions as he sings. If 4!Beatleband are not playing that night, it is worth checking out the other bands who are just as good. Rodolfo also hosts an annual ‘Beatle Week’ and bands compete to win a trip to Liverpool. The next one is scheduled to begin on the 29th of November. You can look up dates to events on their website www.thecavern.com.ar

When you mention salt flats, the first place to spring to mind tends to be Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia, the world's biggest and most well known salt flats. But on our hectic journey up north through the region of Quebrada de Humahuaca, mysef and three other volunteers from Voluntario Global decided to head to Salinas Grandes instead, the lesser mentioned but equally awe-inspiring salt flats of Argentina. Salinas Grandes are the largest salt flats in the country, covering an area of 8,290 square kilometres. A salt flat, or dry lake, is formed when all the water in it (usually freshwater) evaporates, leaving behind a dry and rough surface covered with precipitated salts. Over 10 million years old, Salinas Grandes is a salt desert in the Cordoba and Santiago del Esero provinces of the Sierras de Cordoba. Even the drive there was spectacular.  

Zig zagging your way up through the mountains, the remis driver that we hired from Pumamarca pulled over for plenty of photo opportunities (whilst handing out generous amounts of coca leaves for altitude sickness).  Here at Salinas Grandes, salt is mined from neatly cut rectangular pools of turquoise water in the ground.  Salt artisans set up their stalls in the flats' “main square”, selling handmade llamas, houses and cacti all carved from salt. So, what exactly does one do with a blank canvas of sweeping white expanse and an overarching banner of blue sky? You start taking photos of course  Then you think, what else can we do?  Then you get the driver to take photos of you  If you have the chance to, I´d definitely recommend making your way up to Salinas Grandes for a day of spectacular scenery, incredible moments and shameless mugging for the cameras. You won't regret it!

My name is Bree and my friend Izzie and I came to Buenos Aires from Sydney, Australia two and a half months ago. We have been volunteering with Voluntario Global in orphanages known as ‘Querubines’ (meaning ‘Angels’) outside of the city located in Beccar and Olivos. Their purpose is to give children from complicated backgrounds a second chance at a family lifestyle in a caring and stable environment.

I (Izzie) was placed in an orphanage situated in a suburb called Olivos. Like Bree’s  is as well, Olivos is a middle class suburb on the outskirts of Buenos Aires. The house was donated with the intent of providing a comfortable, safe neighbourhood for the kids to grow up in. I remember my first, not-so-shiny-impressions of the 1.5 hour commute to Olivos, however I quickly became accustomed with the help of my iPod and easy ability to power-nap!

The orphange (or ‘homenage’ being its preferred name) turned out to be a sweet, little, yellow house. One seems to picture an orphanage in a certain way, but I soon learnt that it was not dissimilar to a typical home- only one which houses a larger sized family. The homenage in Olivos is home to 10 children at the moment. With all girls except for two boys, the youngest is 3 and the eldest, 16.  With that great range I have been able to a do a variety of activities with the different kids as well as helping out the ‘Tias’ (the women who work there). An average day may consist of helping the elder girls with their English homework, singing along and teaching the words of ‘Baby’ to some Justin Beiber-obsessed tweens, playing in the plaza and copying out pictures of Hello Kitty! For Bree, having a houseful of little boys, it’s a bit of a challenge but they’re always happy to muck around outside and get their hands dirty with colouring and paints.

Being as hard-working as they are, the Tias couldn’t always give me things to do for them. This combined with the language barrier certainly made things difficult in the beginning. I would sometimes find myself feeling like more of a nuisance than a help, but no sooner learnt that like any other household, plates need to be washed and clothes need to be folded and by talking more with them I would no longer feel like a stranger in their home.

When I initially started fundraising, I didn’t really know what I was fundraising for! All I knew was that I would be working somewhere in need of donations and I knew that 3 months with the same people was enough time to become emotionally invested. I created something called ‘The Buenos Aires Project’, writing a letter to friends and family explaining what I knew about what I was doing and that, with promised updates and a final report, we had a chance to make a contribution to something worthwhile and see it in the process.

For me (bree), I created a Facebook event inviting friends and family to a cinema fundraising night I held at my local cinema and I found that everyone was more than happy to help. Like Izzie, I also sent an email around to friends of my parents who were also more than willing to contribute to what I was doing in South America.

In our second week in Buenos Aires, we had a meeting at Voluntario Global to give us information of where we would be volunteering, the days and times, and also a brief overview of the organisation. We found it very helpful and well managed and we were given timetables of our placement days and the addresses of the orphanages we would be volunteering at. On our first day of volunteering, a Voluntario global staff member came with us to introduce us to the Tias and to make sure everything was going smoothly, and that we knew our way there and back. It made the day less daunting and we felt more comfortable.

During the two months we have been volunteering, we have never had a problem at the orphanage or with Voluntario Global. They send regular emails and updates and we know we always have that help there if we need it. So when we were thinking of how to donate the money raised in an appropriate manner, we emailed Voluntario Global and they got back to us immediately and arranged a meeting to discuss what was to be done.

We found the meeting very reassuring as they told us the money would go directly to the orphanage and they also spoke to the Tias and emailed us a list of things they actually needed. With the money raised we are in the process of purchasing a freezer, stoves and medications for the children. Sadly we know that Querubines’ needs extend far beyond what Izzie and I can provide. However, we are glad we can help and do something that we are sure others have done and will do later.

We were really lucky to get to work with this project as with everything the children have been through, the boys and girls are still able to experience family atmosphere and just act like normal kids! We would recommend Voluntario Global to anyone thinking of doing something like this as they are a reliable volunteer organisation and are always willing to help and provide information. It has been a great experience!

Part of living and working in Buenos Aires as a communications volunteer at Voluntario Global means spending a lot of time researching this city. It’s a hard life, I know! But being a gringo in addition to not being able to speak fluent Spanish  does have its difficult moments. For example, being unable to ask a local, or porteño about their favourite places to eat at around town, or having to always rely on Frommers or Lonely Planet to show you which way to the buffet? Enter the Internet, and more specifically, food blogs. Thanks to these passionate, enthusiastic foodies who love nothing more than picking up a camera and documenting good meals around BsAs, I can eat like a porteño in-the-know. In a city renowned for its love of feasting and festivity every night of the week, the food blogs in Buenos Aires also host a blog-roll treasure trove of information on lifestyle and happenings around town. And they are fantastic for hunting down the more elusive of cuisines or dining trends, such as organic, vegetarian or closed door restaurants*. *Closed door restaurants are underground dinner parties usually hosted at someone’s house. Otherwise known as supper clubs, these are often illegal due to the bypassing of licensing laws and food regulation authorities. Buenos Aires has a thriving closed door restaurant scene but shh, you didn’t hear it from me. Here are three of my favourite Buenos Aires food blogs in inglés so far:

  1. Pick up the Fork – A witty food blog by a Buenos Aires expat who also explores the quirky eccentricities of Argentinian lifestyle and habits in her blog, ¿Qué Sé Yo, Argentina?
  2. The Lost Asian – An immaculately designed blog with beautiful pictures and well-written reviews. An absolute pleasure to read.
  3. In Spirits – Drink takes centre stage in this blog highlighting some of the most unique and alcohol-friendly experiences around town

Special mentions Landing Pad BA – A colloquial and useful online resource on lifestyle, events, tips and places to go in Buenos Aires and Argentina. Time out Buenos Aires iPhone app - Nifty and slick location-based app which shows you the best places in eating, shopping, nightlife and sightseeing, wherever you might be in BsAs.

From 1976 to 1983, a brutal military junta controlled Argentina and terrorized its citizens through a systematic campaign of kidnapping, torturing, and murdering anyone even resembling a government dissenter. Beginning in 1977, the mothers and grandmothers of those who simply "disappeared" (the vast majority of the 30,000 were very young; many were pregnant) began a weekly march in the main square of Buenos Aires, the Plaza de Mayo, in front of the presidential palace, demanding to know their children's whereabouts. Although the group's founders were also subsequently tortured and murdered, the Mothers continued walking, even after the junta was brought down. For 35 years they have marched every Thursday at 3:30 pm, and this past week my friends and I joined them.  

I’ll admit that at first watching this group of elderly women march around a pretty small plaza didn’t completely inspire me like I had imagined it would.  But after looking at the expression on their faces, the people of all ages and backgrounds marching behind them, and the signs they held with pictures of the disappeared, I began to fully understand the significance of their weekly marches.  In a time when human rights are violated all over the world and are simply overlooked, these passionate women and their followers set an unprecedented example of social activism.

The Falklands War has a unique place amongst British and Argentinean history; it remains the last battle Britain has entered into without any ally states and Argentinean’s in over one hundred years.

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